Immunological assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are also used however, they are not meant to be used outside the laboratories. Conventional procedures to measure CECs are chromatographic methods (HPLC, GC-MS) that are expensive and require trained personnel. Due to their overwhelming presence and potential toxicity, rapid and sensitive methods that can detect CECs directly in the field are of great interest.Ĭurrent approaches to measure CECs involve extensive sample collection, treatment, and the use of laboratory-based instrumentation that require multiple steps and high operational expenditures which limit the number of samples that can be tested. They can be found at low levels in surface water, food products, and environmental matrices where they can cause harmful effects on human health, for example, developmental defects, cancer, or other diseases, and on the ecosystem. These methods can be used as complementary or alternative methods to the currently used laboratory-based analytical instrumentation to facilitate large-scale studies and manage risks associated with the presence of CECs in the environment and other matrices.Ĭontaminants of emerging concern (CECs) that include pharmaceuticals, flame-retardants, pesticides, nanomaterials, and personal care products are continuously spreading in the environment. Finally, a critical discussion of future research needs, detection challenges, and opportunities is provided to demonstrate how electrochemistry can be used to advance field monitoring of these chemicals.
Examples of detection mechanisms, electrode modification procedures, device configuration, and their performance along with recent developments in fundamental electrochemistry, particularly nanoimpact methods, are provided to demonstrate the capabilities of these methods for the environmental monitoring of CECs. Recent developments in advanced materials and fabrication techniques such as electrophoretic deposition, layer-by-layer deposition, roll-to-roll and 3D printing techniques, and the scalable manufacturing of low-cost portable electrochemical devices are discussed.
This review discusses the current status of electrochemical sensing methods and their potential as low-cost analytical platforms for the detection and characterization of emerging contaminants. The presence of contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), per/poly-fluorinated substances (PFAS), pesticides, and nanomaterials poses significant challenges to the environment and human health.
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